External Business Environment Analysis †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the External Business Environment Analysis. Answer: Introduction: In case of operating a business, certain strategies are required. These strategies help to gain competitive benefits for the company. The success of a business is very much depended on these strategies a lot. The potentiality and threats regarding the company can be understood by these strategies. It informs about both the internal and external environment. Many strategies are taken by the companies to secure their future. However, in this report, SWOT, Porters 5 model and PESTEL of Tesco has been discussed (Tesco.com. 2018). In this report, the competitive advantages of the company can be understood. One of the most interesting essential of competitive strategy is that it helps to identify the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat for the company (TESCO). All these things are important to make profit for the company. If the strength of the company can be identified, capitalizing the resources can be possible for the company and the company earns profit from the same (Bohari, Hin and Fuad 2017). Concurrently, it is important to identify the weakness of the company so that the company can avoid all the weak points and can establish the base of the company on firm stand. TESCO is an international grocery store and if the weak points of the company can be making over, the company will gain much profit from their business. The position of the company will also get secure. Proper identification of the opportunities is very essential for any company so that overall performance of the company can be shunned. Production line and soft corners of the market can be identified in a pro per manner and the company can be benefitted from the same. In case of international companies like TESCO, identification of threats is quite important (Brooks, Heffner and Henderson 2014). The production capacity of the grocery goods can be increased and profit can be gained for uniqueness of the company. An overall study on the SWOT analysis will help to identify all the strong points of a company and the profounder of the company could make all the profit oriented plans for the best interest of the company. The internal environment of a business could be attracted by the SWOT analysis. PESTEL analysis: Environment plays an important role in the case of development of business. it is a well-known principle of the business strategy that development of a business is depended on the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors of a country. Therefore, a critical analysis regarding the same is required. The overall performance of the company is evolved with these factors. This is important for the overall growth of an international company (Kolios, Read and Ioannou 2016). When a company wants to relocate its business or opens outlets in another country, political analysis of the country helps the company to understand the policies and procedures of the country. no business can be developed until there is a demand regarding the product and until the economic condition of the country is good. Therefore, economical analysis will help to understand the profit scenario of the country. The main business of Tesco is to supply grocery products to the customers and therefore, the company is required to understand the social criteria of every country so that the products can be sold accordingly. The modern world is based on technical innovations and therefore, it is important to use technical assistance for the development of the business. The production of the market can be well understood by the technological analysis made by the company. Legal analysis is one of the inevitable criteria for an international company like Tesco. Legal assistance can be required for operating business on universal basis. Further, legal analysis will provide sufficient advice to the company so that they can operate their business ethically. It is no doubt to state that every company has certain duties to the environment. Therefore, environment analysis is important in this case. the company should not harm the environment at any cost. Porters five model: The competitive position of a company can better be understood by porters model and therefore, a critical analysis regarding the same is necessary to this effect. The five models are bargaining power of the suppliers, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of the buyers, threat of new entrants and industry rivalry (Sun et al. 2014). All these models will help to identify the real position of the company in case of the business criteria. Further, these models will help the company to identify the rivalries of the company so that the company can chalk out proper plan for the company. Further, the marketing position of the supplier will help the company to identify the demand of their product. The product costing is depending on the quality and quantity of the substitutes. It has further been stated that Tesco is required to set the price of the product based on the power of the buyers. Product purchasing power of the buyer will help to gain overall profit for the company (E. Dobbs 201 4). The product selling capacity of Tesco will be incremented if the company can identify the competitors of the company. According to the product marketing analysis, it can be stated that ASDA, Sainsburys and Morrison are certain competitors of the company. This will help to make proper plan for the company. The productivity of those companies can hamper the selling capacities of the company. In this case, it can be stated that the company is required to make certain unique product so that the competition among those companies could not harm the profitability of the company. Further, price of the products is an effective system for increasing the selling capacities of a product. However, the quality of the products should not be cheap or it will affect the reputation of the company. Tesco should take certain methods so that the threats of the company can be identified and the company can gain profit and reputation in the global market. Conclusion: Therefore, the importance of all the strategic tools has been observed and it can be stated that these models help to identify the fuelling model of a business. All these models help to make a company strong, both from the internal and external side. The external side of a business is supervised by the porters five model and PESTEL analysis and the internal portion of the business is dealt by SWOT analysis. Therefore it can be stated that the growth of the business is depending on all these strategies. Reference: Bohari, A.M., Hin, C.W. and Fuad, N., 2017. The competitiveness of halal food industry in Malaysia: A SWOT-ICT analysis.Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space,9(1). Brooks, G., Heffner, A. and Henderson, D., 2014. A SWOT analysis of competitive knowledge from social media for a small start-up business.The Review of Business Information Systems (Online),18(1), p.23. Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), pp.32-45. Kolios, A., Read, G. and Ioannou, A., 2016. Application of multi-criteria decision-making to risk prioritisation in tidal energy developments.International Journal of Sustainable Energy,35(1), pp.59-74. Makos, J., 2015. What is pest analysis and why it's useful.PESTLE Analysis. Sun, Y., Guo, P., Ma, Z., Li, T. and Dang, S., 2014, November. UK-based external business environment analysis of outdoor adventure clothing using the PESTEL tool and its future outlook. InInformation Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 306-309). Tesco.com. (2018).Tesco - Online Groceries, Homeware, Electricals Clothing. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com/ [Accessed 19 Apr. 2018].

Operational And Functional Requirements Of Different Conferences

Question: Discuss about the Spatial Operational And Functional Requirements Of Different Sized Conferences. Answer: Introduction The modern conference industry originated due to the religious and political congresses and conferences that held in the early centuries. Later it was followed by the business conferences and meetings. Within this industry, several people from all over the world come together, therefore this industry has the provision of creating a new market on a global scale through the conferences, exhibitions, meetings and other corporate events. These events are mostly of three kinds, small sized conferences with the forums and workshops, medium sized conferences with different session throughout the day and the international conferences which continue for several days (Rogers 2013). Within this industry, there are three kinds of customers of these events, government, private associations and corporate. The corporate customers hire the event managers to organize the medium or large sized conferences, however, most of such events are sponsored by the employers themselves and it contributes to cre ate revenue for the stakeholders attending such conferences. On the other hand, the private associations tend to hire the event managers for the small or medium sized conferences where they provide service for a selected group (Pahl and Beitz 2013). The event managers are required to understand the specifications of different clients. This is very much significant for the EMCs or the Event Management Companies and he Professional Conference Organizers or the PCOs. This essay will explore and discuss the spatial, operational and functional requirements of small, medium and large sized conferences. Small Sized Conference In the small conferences, there are around 100-200 guests, therefore the operational requirements involve arranging a venue to cater such people. There should be chairs and tables, different room for delegates and the conference room. There should be napery for all the rooms which are allotted to the delegates and other guests. The lighting and sound system should be available in the conference room and minimum of one technician should be present if there is any unusual and unplanned flaw in the system. The microphones and lapels should be function in the conference rooms as well. All the rooms should function properly, especially the heating and cooling functions. It should also cope-up with the number of guests who are coming for the conference. Mostly for the small conferences, specially, a small hotel in the city is chosen. The location should be a capital city which can offer a good communication system for the guests and there are ample chances for accommodation for the guests (Jones 2014). These factors should be considered to be most significant while choosing the venue for the conference. There should also be sufficient communication with the hotel owners so that they are well-aware if there is any change in the schedule or in the guest list. The management who are organizing the event, they should discuss the entire event beforehand with the hotel management in order to avoid any communication. For the conference, there should be a big banquet room with a podium, stage and microphones. If there are workshop sessions along with the conference, the there should be separate halls with the minimum capacity of 30-50 guests. According to Rogers (2013) the environment of the conference and the workshop rooms contribute to the energy and exchange of information of all the participants. Therefore, all the rooms should be properly maintained and well functioned. The food should be available whenever it is required, especially the morning and evening beverages s hould be served on time. The conference hall should also provide the space for the guests and delegates to interact and relax. The hotel should also have sufficient resource and space at their restaurant for catering the guests and delegates for lunch and dinner. Along with that, they should also have sufficient space for any other collaborative events. Medium Sized Conference In any medium sized conference, the numbers of guests are around 600-1500 along with 50 exhibitors. Such conferences are generally 3 days long with the opening ceremony and around six to eight concurrent sessions on every day. Other than that, there should be sufficient space for networking activities. Such conferences have different special requirements from the requirements of small conferences. In these kinds of conferences, the location choice is very much significant along with the availability of the venue. The venue is a major factor here as this may increase the number of participants. As in such conferences, the delegates generally fund for their own selves, the venue location matter a lot (Van and Getz 2016). As there will be a plenary session in the conference, the delegates will require a big conference hall where they will listen to the speakers. Therefore a theater should set up where this purpose can be served. The venue should be selected according to these basic requ irements of the conference. Due to these purposes, the exhibition and conference halls should have wide space. As stated by Andersson, Getz. and Mykletun (2014) the value spend by the exhibitor should also be checked before booking the venue. However, it has been seen that, generally these kinds of medium conferences require minimum of $25000-$30000 to be spend for the venue. As, there will be minimum of 50 exhibitors, there should also be a hall of around 2000 square meters other than the conference hall, meeting room and the space where the guests will interact with each other. This will increase the chances of networking for the delegates. There should also be separate rooms available where the sessions will take place. For this purpose, there should be five to seven extra banquet rooms which will have the capacity of approximately 200 delegates. Other than that, there should also be an extra room for the operations of the Event Management Company. This room should be adjacent to the conference room and there should be adequate provision of operating all the rooms form that particular room. Even though the primary operational requirements are similar to the requirements of the small conference such as the chairs, tables, microphones and other necessary decorations, however the resources should be more than the small conference. Due to the size of the conference, there should always be one or more representatives from the Event management Company who will coordinate among the necessary authorities such as the hotel management, exhibitors and the delegates (Masterman 2014). The representatives will also take care of the marketing of the conference and they will ensure that there is a proper communication and signage among the conference management team and the exhibitors. In this situation, the venue of the hotel will act to be very significant, as more exhibitors will be interested depending on the place of the conference. Along with that, there should be pr oper data connectivity within the conference premises for both the exhibitors and the delegates. There should also be an extended food and beverages range for the guests. The hotel should have sufficient resources so that there is no issue with the delegates (Holmes, Nichols and Ralston 2017). They should have adequate number of employees to ensure that the plans are executing at right time. Other than that, there should be the Public liability insurance which should be allotted to the conference venue beforehand. Major International Conference A 5 day long major International conference will include, a plenary, concurrent sessions along with the networking activities on every day, a gala dinner and award ceremony. The numbers of guests for this conference should be 3500-5000 along with 400 exhibitors. Ideally the space should be big enough to support all the necessary requirements for the accommodation of the guests, the transport requirements, along with the social networking activities, leisure programs to other locations (Bladen and Kennel 2014). This will increase the numbers of participation of the exhibitors and other delegates. The conference room should be sufficient enough to host a plenary session with 5000 guests. The dining should also accommodate all the guests which will require around 500 tables. The main conference room should have a dance floor and a podium or stage for award ceremony. The exhibition rooms should also offer around 20000 square meters so that each exhibitor gets at least 50 square meter spa ce. The other operational requirements are approximately similar to the small and medium sized conferences, although it should come in big scale (Mackellar 2014). However, the international conference may require a local travel and tourism company to take care of the destination management. This company will have experts, who will take care of the necessary information such as local accommodation, transport coordination, local entertainment, visa, domestic tour and the other entertainment for the gala dinner and the award ceremony. They will also ensure the leisure social programs for the delegates and the guests. There should also be a technology team who will make sure that there are social networking activities involving the social media sites. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that, regardless of the size of the conference, there should be adequate amount of resource which will cater the delegates. Other than the basic requirements, there are always some operational and spatial needs which are very significant for the guests. This study has shown all the basic needs along with these requirements. References Andersen, S.S., Hanstad, D.V. and Plejdrup-Skillestad, K., 2015. The Role of Test Events in Major Sporting Events.Event Management,19(2), pp.261-273. Andersson, T.D., Getz, D. and Mykletun, R.J. eds., 2014.Festival and event management in Nordic countries. Routledge. Bladen, C. and Kennell, J., 2014. Educating the 21st century event management graduate: Pedagogy, practice, professionalism, and professionalization.Event Management,18(1), pp.5-14. Holmes, K., Nichols, G.S. and Ralston, R., 2017. It's a once-in-a-lifetime experience and opportunity-deal with it!Volunteer perceptions of the management of the volunteer experience at the London 2012 Olympic Games.Event Management. Jones, M., 2014.Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Mackellar, J., 2014. Surfing the Fringe: An Examination of Event Tourism Strategies of the Bleach FestivalCoolangatta Queensland.Event Management,18(4), pp.447-455. Masterman, G., 2014.Strategic sports event management. Routledge. Miyamoto, Y., Kaysser, W.A., Rabin, B.H., Kawasaki, A. and Ford, R.G. eds., 2013.Functionally graded materials: design, processing and applications(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Pahl, G. and Beitz, W., 2013.Engineering design: a systematic approach. Springer Science Business Media. Rogers, T 2013, Conferences and conventions: a global industry, 3rd edn., Routledge, New York. Testa, M.R. and Metter, M., 2017. Assessing Economic Impact as a Means for Event Efficacy: A Proposed Model and Case Study.Event Management,21(1), pp.61-70. Van Niekerk, M. and Getz, D., 2016. The Identification and Differentiation of Festival Stakeholders.Event Management,20(3), pp.419-431.

Bill Of Rights 2 Essay Example For Students

Bill Of Rights 2 Essay After the Revolution, the States adopted their own constitutions, many of which contained the Bill of Rights. The Americans still faced the challenge of creating a central government for their new nation. In 1777 the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781. Under the Articles, the states retained their sovereignty, freedom and independence,; while the national government was kept weak and inferior. Over the next few years it became evident that the system of government that had been chosen was not strong enough to completely settle and defend the frontier, regulating trade, currency and commerce, and organizing thirteen states into one union. (1) So in the summer of 1787 delegates from the twelve states convened in Philadelphia to draft a new Constitution. They proposed a strong national government that would assume many of the powers previously imposed upon the states. (1) No sooner than had the Continental Congress laid the proposed Constitution before the people for ratification, Irving Brant writes, than a cry went up: it contained no Bill of Rights.(2) People objected because the liberties they had fought for in the Revolution were not being protected by the Constitution, and then could be ignored by the federal government. The Anti-Federalist called for another convention to outline a Bill of Rights before the Constitution was approved. The Federalist, fearing that the progress would unravel completely, urged immediate ratification. With the understanding of a Bill of Rights to follow later. Eventually the Federalist prevailed. By 1788, eleven states had ratified the Constitution. Six states, however, sent Congress proposals for amendments, modeled on their state constitutions and designed to protect individual rights. (1) James Madison realized that the public desire for a Bill of Rights could not be ignored. In 1789, after reviewing the state proposed amendments and the state Bill of Rights to be considered by Congress, he proposed nine amendments to be considered by Congress for insertion into the text of the Constitution. After deliberation, debate, and some alterations, the House and Senate voted to add the amendments on the end of the Constitution and sent twelve amendments to the states for ratification. (1) Only ten of theses were ratified and from those are what we know as the Bill of Rights today. As ratified in 1791, the Bill of Rights protected individual rights from violation by the federal government. For example the First Amendment begins, Congress shall make no law Madisons original draft had contained a proposal that would have also prohibited state governments from violating the Bill of Rights, but the Senate deleted it. (1) It was not until after the Civil War that the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments were enacted and began protecting individuals against the states. The Fourteenth Amendment has been the principal means by which this protection has been accomplished. It reads, in part, No State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The Supreme Court had interpreted this guarantee of liberty to embrace the fundamental liberties in the Bill of Rights, meaning that the state governments must observe and protect them to the same extent as the federal government this is also known called incorporation. The amendments in the Bill of Rights are said to be incorporated against the states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. There has been an ongoing debate on the Supreme Court about the extent of incorporation, and whether the entire Bill of Rights, or only some of its guarantees, should be incorporated against the states. (1) Part II The Supreme Court views and attitudes can change over time. First the membership of the court changes when a justice retires or dies, and when the new justice is appointed to fill his position the new justice may not share the same views as the previous one. By the Waters of Babylon vs. There Will Come Soft Rains Sample Essay Also, new developments occur with the passing of time, which may cause a change in attitudes and feelings bringing about new concerns on an issue. (3) One Supreme Court reversal with far reaching consequences involved the Courts interpretation of whether the Bill of Rights protected citizens from state, as well as national violations. In 1833 .

Sample Essay and I Will Outline Four Key Points and Sample

Sample Essay and I Will Outline Four Key Points and SampleIf you want to have a successful essay writing task, then you will need to outline four key points, so that you can draw all the necessary information together. With this information, you will be able to have a complete outline of your topic, which is very helpful. It is important to remember that your goal is to create a topic that is acceptable and, most importantly, well written.The first thing you should do before writing your essay is to use a variety of search engines and type the term 'essay writing'. Use the term in quotes because the term will contain several different terms such as essay and resume writing. You can also search for online essay and resume writing classes, which are a great way to get some of the details and ideas together.Once you have all the information that you need, you will need to outline four key points. To do this, take your topic, which is your topic for your essay, and make a list of the key points that you want to include in your essay. After doing this, think about what kind of format you want your essay to be in.There are four main options that you need to consider when writing an essay. They are word processing, Microsoft Word, Farsi, and PDF format. Although they are more expensive, Word and PDF format is definitely cheaper than Farsi and Microsoft Word format. If you choose Farsi format, it will not look nearly as professional, and it may make it difficult to understand.Your next step is to think about what format will work best for you. You may need to buy an essay pad or paper or just leave them at home. You should make sure that you have everything that you need to write on that paper before you begin. Get to writing! Keep writing until you have an outline of the topics that you want to cover. Once you have done this, do a second draft, and then a third, and so on.It is very important to remember that when you outline your key points, that you will not write t he essay in chronological order. You will use them as a jumping off point, which will be helpful to know. Also, you do not need to write in chronological order as it will not be easy to follow.As you follow the outline of your main points, you will be able to see how they relate to each other. Remember that this is the biggest part of your essay, and that is why you should spend the time necessary to write it correctly. With this information, you will be able to finish your essay and write a top grade one!

Media Management Norms in the Industry

Alabarran, Chan-Olmsted and Wirth (2006, 275) believe that media management stands alone as a distinct field of management for two major reasons. The first reason is the unique position that media organizations as well as their output occupy in the cultural and political life of societies and nations where they operate in (Cook 1998, 122; Sparrow 1999, 46; Golding Murdock 2005, 68).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Management Norms in the Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Croteau and Hoynes (2001, 54) and Mcchesney (2008, 44) believe that media organizations have the capacity, and in some situations, the obligation to influence the cultural and political behaviours, attitudes as well as opinions of audiences. The second reason is its economic position. Media organizations produce products which are quite different from products offered by businesses in other industries. (Napoli 2003a, 106) states th at media organizations produce content which are distributed to audiences as well as audiences to be distributed to advertisers. (Hamilton 2004, 11) confirms that it is these products, content and audiences, which make the media to have distinct economic characteristics that distinguish the media industry from other industries across the globe. It is these economic distinctive characteristics that require managers of media companies to have specialized training as well as specialized understanding of the unique dynamics of the industry’s marketplace so as to be able to make effective managerial decisions and strategic plans (Herrick 2004, 102). This paper discusses how content and audiences have affected the structures of media organizations. Content and audience have significant influence on various political and cultural issues in the society. Therefore media organizations have to focus on the core of the businesses while serving the information needs of the audiences (Bark in 2002, 168). However, the increasing competition in the market among media companies has created intense competition for audience attention. This has largely been caused by the increased channel capacity of different forms traditional media, television and radio, as well as the growth of content delivery technologies such as the internet and Direct Broadcast Satellite. Napoli (2003b, 64) says that these factors have fragmented the media audience such that it has become quite a challenge for one media outlet to attract significant audiences.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Where there was once two international television networks, CNN and BBC, there are several of them nowadays including CNBC, CNN, BBC, FOX News, Al-Jazeera, MSNBC as well as numerous other regional and national television channels. Alabarran, Chan-Olmsted and Wirth (2006, 284) report that an average home receives more than a hundred television channels which is also supplemented by content from the internet. However, the huge increase in the content options available to audiences has not been accompanied by increase in the amount of money that people spend on media. Consequently, the structure of most media organizations has changed in attempts to remain relevant in the market (Vogel 2004, 156)). Some media companies have formed mergers while others operate in joint partnerships to achieve economies of scale as they reduce costs. Mergers and partnerships allow media companies to increase the content they provide to the audiences while still maintaining profitability (Doyle 2002, 211). Partnerships allow them to share news content, production equipment, newspaper distribution, costs for capturing events as well as transport costs incurred in collecting information. Marketing research has also become very important in the structures of media organizations especially in the print indu stry as result of changing consumer (audience) trends. The increasing available content options especially the internet, which can be easily accessed through mobile phones and other devices, has influenced decline in newspaper readership. Thus, media companies are increasingly relying on media research as well as focus groups to be able to decide on the content of their newspapers. As such, media organizations are continuously investing in their marketing departments to be able to present content that make them relevant to the audiences they serve. According to Craft and Davis (2000, 225) media companies have to enhance their ability to successfully serve the public interest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Management Norms in the Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The distinct economic characteristics of the media industry, content and audience, have also influenced the type of media ownership stru ctures adopted by most media organizations. (Compaine 1995, 758: Picard 2002, 203) states that media organization managers are adopting business structures that enhance their abilities to provide more audience service-oriented content as well as services. Some media organizations have adopted more concentrated ownership structures which provide them with greater resources to devote to content delivery (Compaine and Gomery 2000, 123). This allows them greater economic efficiency as they are able to reduce costs of collecting news content as well as expenditure on staff (Einstein 2004, 76). Media organizations which adopt concentrated ownership structures employ relatively fewer journalists to collect information since the information collected to be broadcasted on television are also broadcasted on radio, and produced in newspapers. This means that media organizations can use one information sources to serve various audiences using different media channels. Again, such media organiza tions present wide content since they have journalists employed to meet every sector in each media category that the organization deals. Alabarran, Chan-Olmsted and Wirth (2006, 287) report that a study that was conducted by the Federal Communication Commission in 2003 revealed that television stations which have newspaper holdings always provide more local news as well as public affairs programming as compared to media companies without newspaper holdings. Thus, newspaper-television cross-ownership has become very important in ensuring wide content for audiences considering that the economics of media marketplace have undergone significant changes over the past two decades (Napoli 2004, 115). Napoli (2002, 172) and (Denison, Frenette Spavins 2002, 243) state that the economics of scope as regards content collection and dissemination across various distribution technologies have encouraged the production of public interest content.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Media companies which operate in one distribution channel form partnerships with other media companies with different content distribution channel to be able to acquire more content at reduced costs (Hollifield 2004 83). As competition in the media industry marketplace continues, media companies consistently expand to reach as many audiences as they can. Large national as well as multinational media outlets are increasing their ability to effectively reach more audiences and to provide content that serve the needs of audiences in specific geographical regions (Napoli 2000, 578; Napoli 2009, 169). As a result, large media companies are opening up media outlets (subsidiaries) in other countries to enable them collect and disseminate information relevant to these audiences while integrating them with international news. The need to reach more audiences and present wider content has prompted media organizations to build their satellites in various regions across the world. In some cases , multinational media companies collaborate with local media companies to construct their Direct Broadcast Satellite in their firms so as to be able to transmit content gathered directly to their transmission stations. Bowman and Willis (2003, 9) state that the distinctive economic characteristics of the media industry, audience and content, have influenced media organizations to adopt different models in their business processes as they seek to provide quality content to their audiences. Bowman and Willis (2003, 11) state that some media companies adopt top-down news model where the media organization has total control over the content that the audience receive. The media organization filters all contents before presenting them to the audience. All news from advertisers and other sources have to pass through the media organization before they are presented on television shows, newspapers and web sites. This means that everybody involved in content gathering submits their contents t o be edited or rejected. On the other hand, some media organizations prefer to let audience access the content without filtering. These organizations adopt bottom-up news organization structure. They are structured such that all participants in the media broadcasting process have opportunity to present their contents directly to the audience. In such media organizations, editors, advertisers, reporters, publishers, community as well as the audience are allowed to participate in content production (Hamilton 2004, 287). All the participants have the opportunity to change roles in the content production process so as to allow the audience to get involved. The audience have a chance to share their opinions and to contribute in content gathering as well as production. They make comments and interact with the management team of the media organization, reporters, advertisers and editors. Bowman and Willis (2003, 11) state that in this structure anyone can be a reporter. Media organizations which adopt intercast (bottom-up news) structure have the ability to provide wide content since the audience are also involved in news collection. Most media organizations especially large national and multinational companies have adopted the intercast structure to gather information from the audience and the community as a whole, as well as, in presenting content to other audience. This normally happens through interviews both on television and off-air, commentary and analysis, opinion sections in newspapers and magazines and direct reporting from the audiences. Thus, this structure helps media organizations improve their interactivity with audiences, and hence, achieve audience loyalty. The distinct nature of the media industry has created need to adopt organization structures which enhance interactivity between the media organizations and the audience. Thus, most media organizations have adopted numerous interactivity as well as communication technology such as web blogs, websit es as well as discussion boards. These allow media organizations to understand their audiences and therefore develop programs and produce contents which meet the audiences’ interest. The media industry is very distinctive due to the products that it offers to consumers. Content is produced to be distributed to the audience, and this makes the industry unique as compared to other industries. Content and audience therefore influences the structure of media organizations and the way the organizations operate. Media organizations have to adopt structures which allow them to provide quality content to the audience while reducing costs. Thus partnerships and concentrated-ownership structures have been adopted to help media organizations increase the quantity and quality of their content so as to reach more audiences while operating at lower costs. Reference List Albarran, A. B., Chan-Olmsted, S. M., and Wirth. M. O., 2006. Handbook of media management and economics. Mahwah, New Jer sey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 274-287. Barkin, S. M., 2002. American television news: The media marketplace and the public interest. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. P. 168. Bowman, S., and Willis, C., 2003. We media: How audiences are shaping the future of news and information. New York: The American Press Institute. Compaine, B. M., 1995. The impact of ownership on content: Does it matter? Cardozo Arts Entertainment Law Journal, 13, pp. 755-780. Compaine, B. M., and Gomery, D., 2000. Who owns the media? Competition and concentration in the mass media, 3rd ed. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 123. Cook, T., 1998. Governing with the news: The news media as political institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 122. Craft, S., and Davis, C., 2000. New media synergy: Emergence of institutional conflicts of interest. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 15, pp. 219-231. Croteau, D., and Hoynes, W., 2001. The business of media: Corporate media and the public area. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. p. 54 Denison, L., Frenette, J., and Spavin, T. C., 2002. The measurement of local television news and public affairs programs. Washington DC: Federal Communications Commission. p. 243. Doyle, G., 2002. Understanding media economics. London: Sage. p. 211. Einstein, M., 2004. Media diversity: Economics, ownership, and the FCC. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Golding, P., and Murdock, G., 2005. Culture, communications and political economy. In J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds) Mass media and society. London: Hodder Arnold. pp 60-83. Hamilton, J. T., 2004. All the news that’s fit to sell: How the market transforms information into news. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 287. Herrick, D., 2004. Media management in the age of giants: The business dynamics of journalism. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishers. p. 102. Hollifield, C., 2004. The economics of international media. In Alexander, A., et al (eds) Media econ omics: Theory and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. p. 83. Mcchesney, R., 2008. The political economy of media: Enduring issues, emerging dilemma. New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 44. Napoli, P., 2009. Media economics and the study of media industries. In J. Holt and A. Perren (eds) Media industries: History, theory, and method. New Jersey Wiley-Blackwell. pp 161-170. Napoli, P. M., 2004. Television station ownership characteristics and news and public affairs programming: An expanded analysis of FCC data information. The Journal of Policy, Regulation, and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media, 6(2), pp. 112-121. Napoli, P M., 2003a. Environmental assessment in a dual-product marketplace: A participant-observation perspective on the broadcast television industry. International Journal of Media Management, 5, 100-108. Napoli, P. M. 2003b. Audience economics: Media institutions and the audience marketplace. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 64. Napoli, P . M. (2002). Audience valuation and minority media: An analysis of the determinants of the value of radio audiences. Journal of BroadcastingElectronic Media, 46, pp. 169–184. Napoli, P. M. (2000). The localism principle under stress. Info: The Journal of Policy, Regulation, and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media, 2, pp. 573–582. Picard, R., 2002. The economics and financing of media companies. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 203. Sparrow, B. H., 1999. Uncertain guardians: The news media as a political institution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 46. Vogel, H., 2004. Entertainment industry economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p.156. This essay on Media Management Norms in the Industry was written and submitted by user Aria Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Do MNEs migrate to green policy only when forced by government regulations Essay Example

Do MNEs migrate to green policy only when forced by government regulations? Essay One of the persistent debates in recent years is whether business corporations should be tightly regulated to conform to environmental preservation standards. Also referred to as the green movement, some corporations have voluntarily proposed and adopted these standards as a way of showing their public responsibility. Critics argue that such moves are largely public relations exercises, with little true intent to preserve the planet. Even if such intent exists, it is incidental to the profitability of business. (Furniss, 2006, p.46) Hence, as of now, there is no consensus as to the nature and scope of governmental regulation. The rest of the essay will present views from both sides of the debate and argue that ultimately a strong regulatory framework is essential if Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are to take green standards seriously. In looking to answer the topic question, it is useful to peruse sociological scholarship and policy literature on the subject. Conventionally, analyses of the topic have tended to focus on corporate compliance within existing legislations. Here, it is tacitly assumed that complying with regulations by targeted groups is essential and sufficient for meeting goals of social regulation. (Dahl, 2010, p.248) Another assumption is that business enterprises go out of their way and improve their green standards only when they are faced with steep penalties for failing to do so. In this analytic framework, corporations are seen as ‘amoral calculators’ of risk and reward for themselves; and their primary motive is to maximize profits while minimizing losses in the form of penalties. This used to be the traditional view on corporate compliance. Yet, in recent years a refreshingly new pattern of corporate behaviour has started to emerge, giving government agencies and social activis ts renewed hope. (Kagan, et. Al., 2003, p.52) We will write a custom essay sample on Do MNEs migrate to green policy only when forced by government regulations? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Do MNEs migrate to green policy only when forced by government regulations? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Do MNEs migrate to green policy only when forced by government regulations? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"It is becoming apparent that an increasing number of companies now perform, to a greater or lesser extent, â€Å"beyond compliance† with existing regulatory requirements. This suggests that the degree of variation in, and the motivations for, corporate behaviour may be much broader than many researchers have imagined previously. This is of practical importance: some existing regulatory strategies, in focusing on compliance, have failed to facilitate, reward, or encourage beyond-compliance behaviour, or even inadvertently discourage it, while other regulatory reformers, in contrast, have argued that government-mandated self-regulation is the key to progress.† (Kagan, et. Al., 2003, p.51) Hence, it could be argued, that MNE’s need not always be pushed by government regulations in order to make their activities clean and green. Scholars such as Samuel Loewenberg, on the other hand, are not quite enthused by the record of major corporations (especially those based in the United States), in upholding green standards. The chemical industry in the United States, which is a major contributor to environmental pollution, has been a culprit in this regard. While the industry got away with its slack quality and safety standards in its home country, it got into controversies upon entry into the European market. The EU, worried that it does not possess health and environmental data on most of the chemical compounds currently in use, is drawing up legislation that â€Å"by 2005 will require the industry to conduct extensive safety tests on 30,000 common chemicals. At least 1,500 are expected to be banned or severely restricted in their use as a result. The industry estimat es that the testing alone will cost it more than $7.5 billion.† (Loewenberg, 2003, p.55) MNE’s based in the United States, whose present safety norms are supported by Washington, continues to put pressure on the EU to loosen up its standards. In Washington, MNEs wielding insider connections and an abundance of campaign funds are used to wooing legislators and regulators. (Vernon, 2010, p.B04) But this tactic does not work in Europe, reflecting a basic difference in the way commerce and public safety are perceived in the two regions. For example, â€Å"Over the last few years, the European Union has put into effect a raft of far-reaching environmental and consumer-protection legislation that would be unimaginable in Washington: a moratorium on genetically modified foods; another on beef treated with growth hormone; a requirement that automakers and electronics manufacturers pick up the tab for disposing of their products in environmentally friendly ways; and a ban on the use of such common electronics manufacturing materials as mercury, lead and brominated flame retardants. It also recently upheld a prohibition on pharmaceutical company advertising and is debating whether to prohibit television commercials directed toward children.† (Shamir, 2004, p.635) Since the United States is home to major MNEs in the world and since its complete access to the EU market is only a matter of time, it makes good sense to make its corporations comply with EU regulations. In the case of the United Kingdom too, which upholds the common environmental preservation ethos of the European Union, there are a few instances of corporate indiscretion. That is, despite an elevated set of regulations to abide by, some businesses do ignore green credentials of their suppliers against government expectations. Take say the area of West Midland. A research by BT Business â€Å"could not find a single small business in the region that took the environmental values of suppliers into account, even though one in five said customers asked them about it†. (Scotney, 2008, p.22) Hence, in conclusion, and on balance, it is better to have comprehensive environmental regulations and strict punitive measures, as opposed to allowing MNE’s freedom in the hope that they self-regulate. Although some companies have successfully implemented green policies, most others operate purely on the profit-motive, putting the future of the planet at dire risk. References Cockburn, A. (1990, February 26). Greens, Gas and Capital. The Nation, 250, 262+. Dahl, R. (2010). Green Washing: Do You Know What You’re Buying?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(6), 246+. Wes Vernon, Exposing Dishonesty of the ‘Greens’. (2010, May 26). The Washington Times (Washington, DC), p. B04. Fowler, R. J. (1995). International Environmental Standards for Transnational Corporations. Environmental Law, 25(1), 1-30. Furniss, C. (2006, October). How Green Is Your Business. Geographical, 78, 45+. Kagan, R. A., Gunningham, N., Thornton, D. (2003). Explaining Corporate Environmental Performance: How Does Regulation Matter?. Law Society Review, 37(1), 51+. Loewenberg, S. (2003, July/August). Business Meets Its Match: U.S. Corporations Get Their Way at Home. but the Old Charm Isn’t Working in the Old World. The American Prospect, 14, 55+. Moore, C. (1995, January/February). Green Revolution in the Making. Sierra, 80, 50+. Pollin, R. (2009, April). Where the Jobs Are: Compared to Spending on the Military or Oil Industry, Green Investment Can Improve Both Job Quantity and Quality. but It Will Take a Massive Shift in Resources. The American Prospect, 20, 7+. Shamir, R. (2004). Between Self-regulation and the Alien Tort Claims Act: on the Contested Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility. Law Society Review, 38(4), 635+. Scotney, Tom. Small Companies Ignoring ‘Green’ Suppliers, Says BT; ENTERPRISE. (2008, May 7). The Birmingham Post (England), p. 22.

Timeshare Vacations Example

Timeshare Vacations Example Timeshare Vacations – Coursework Example Call Center Evaluation Call Center Evaluation Call centers provide a centralized place where s and other phone calls are handled. There is a need to monitor the profits and productivity of call center periodically. This will guarantee the company’s success and to achieve it there is a need to put in place control measures that evaluates both the employees and the entire call center (Badin, 1998). Several control measures can be used to determine how efficient and effective an employee is. The first one is phone etiquette. It involves assessment of some factors such as the way customers are greeted, and how the agent speaks to a caller (Badin, 1998). Other control measures are Knowledge and professionalism of the agent. The agent’s knowledge about timeshare vacation services and products is assessed as it is expressed to a customer during a call. Lastly, adherence to procedures measure which involves evaluating how well the agent adheres to companys set procedures when handling a call. According to Badin (1998), the entire call center also needs to be evaluated. The control measures that can be applied in its evaluation include evaluating the call answering time. This involves determining the duration from when a particular call is received up to when it is answered by the agent. The second one is the transfer time that involves evaluating the time taken by an agent to shift a call to another person for it to be completed. Hold time is another evaluation measure. The maximum time callers are kept on hold when looking up for something or consulting to get the answer to the callers issue is determined. Another control measure is the abandon rate (Badin, 1998). It involves counting the number of customers who disconnect or get disconnected before being forwarded to an agent who deals with their calls. Other control measures include call handle time and idle time (Badin, 1998). Evaluation is an important aspect when it comes to assessing the overall performance of the call center. Managers can be able to forecast the success of their operations. This can only be made possible through the application of proper control measures either individually or electronically.ReferencesBadin, M. (1998). Maximizing Call Center Performance. Florida: CRC Press.